https://docs.google.com/document/d/170vRZa3DdVpSjP1McymXvIVFshLWdflcF8XDkUNNroc/edit?usp=sharing https://docs.google.com/document/d/1egE8_z8C-QgtRX_LNG1-QaGlSgTXMnvuCNNBY6_l1V8/edit?usp=sharing So the first document is pretty long. The history of Iran spans thousands of years. I was not going to go into comprehensive detail of thousands of years, but between 1905 and 1911, there was a Persian constitutional revolution. This led to the establishment of an Iranian parliament. In late 1920, the Persian Soviet Socialist Republic in Rasht was preparing to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1,500 Jangalis, Kurds, Armenians and Azerbaijanis", reinforced by the Bolsheviks' Red Army. This fact along with various other disorders, mutinies and unrest in the country creates "an acute political crisis in the capital." By 1921, the ruling Qajar dynasty of Persia had become corrupt and inefficient. The oil-rich nation was somewhat reliant on the nations of Britain and Russia for military and economic support. Civil wars earlier in the decade had threatened the government, and the only regular military force at the time was the Cossack Brigade.
Britain, which played a major role in Persia, was perturbed by the Qajar government's inability to rule efficiently.
This inefficiency was the background of a power struggle between Britain and Soviet Russia, each nation hoping to control Persia.
On 14 January 1921, the British General Edmund Ironside chose to promote Reza Khan, who had been leading the Tabriz battalion, to lead the entire brigade. About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000-4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran. On 18 February 1921, the Cossacks reached Tehran meeting little resistance. On 21 February 1921, Cossacks entered the city of Tehran. Only several policemen, taken by surprise, were said to had been killed or wounded in the center of Tehran. Backed by his troops, Reza Khan forced the Cabinet to dissolve and oversaw his own appointment as Minister of War. Reza Khan also ensured that Ahmad appoint Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabee as prime minister.
On 26 February 1921, the new Iranian government signed a treaty of friendship with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. As a result of the treaty, the Soviet Union gave up some of its former Russian facilities in Iran, although the Soviet diplomats ensure that their nation is allowed to intervene with its military in Iran, as long as the intervention is "self-defense". The USSR also gave up any Russian-owned railroads and ports in Iran. Governor of Khorasan Ahmad Qavam refused to recognize Reza Khan's government. Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian arrested Ahmad Qavam. While in custody, Qavam cultivated a hatred of the man who had arrested him. Shah Ahmad issued a decree to terminate Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee's role as Prime Minister of Iran. On 25 May 1921, Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabee lost his title as Prime Minister of Iran. Qavam was released from prison and given Tabatabaee's former post. Colonel Pessian refused to accept a betrayal of a coup's ideals of a democratic Iran and began to gather popular support and many tribes flocked to make up his formidable force. Colonel Pessian was gendarmerie chief. Pessian headed a rebel army and goes to battle with the armies of several regional governors. However, the rebels were eventually defeated and Reza Khan ordered that Pessian be beheaded and that the head be returned to Tehran and put on display to prove that Pessian, now a national hero, was dead to quell further rebellions. Kurds of Khorasan revolted. In 1924, Sheikh of Mohammerah Khaz'al al-Ka'bi led an Arab nationalist uprising in Khuzestan. The rebellion was quickly and effectively suppressed with minimal casualties. In 1925, Rezā Khan was crowned King of Iran by constitutional assembly. Many of those involved in the Arab rebellion were either killed or put in prison. General Sepahbod Amir Ahmadi tried to stand up against the establishment of a new Iranian monarchy. On a visit to his imprisoned brother-in-law, General Heydargholi Pessian, who had been one of the leaders of the coup that defeated the Qajar dynasty, Amir Ahmadi confessed that his efforts to prevent Reza Khan being made Shah and the monarchy reinstated were being thwarted by the British. Reza Khan was declared Shah. He took the surname Pahlavi.
On 21 March 1925, the Solar Hijri calendar was legally adopted in Iran.
Reza Khan's government was authoritarian and valued nationalism, militarism, secularism and anti-communism combined with strict censorship and state propaganda. Reza Shah introduces many socio-economic reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration, and finances. Reza Shah's reign is viewed as having brought law and order, discipline, central authority, and modern amenities – schools, trains, buses, radios, cinemas, and telephones. However, his attempts of modernisation have been criticised for being "too fast" and "superficial", and his reign was designated as a time of "oppression, corruption, taxation, lack of authenticity" with "security typical of police states."
The Iranian government expected Germany to win World War II and establish a powerful force on its borders. Britain and the Soviet Union demanded Iran to expel Germans. Iran refused. On 25 August 1941, three Soviet armies invaded Iran from the north, while a British army invaded Khuzestan and Central Iran. Operation Countenance was launched. Iran became the major conduit of Allied Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union. Rezā Shāh was deposed. Rezā Shāh was replaced with his young son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In November 1945, the Soviet Union established the Azerbaijan People's Government in Iranian Azerbaijan. On 22 January 1946, the Soviet-backed Kurdish Republic of Mahabad declared its independence from Iran. On 2 March 1946, British troops withdrew from Iran. On 9 May 1946, the Soviet Union withdrew from Iran. On 11 December, Iran regained control over the territory of the Azerbaijan People's Government. On 15 December, Iran conquered Mahabad.
In March 1951, the Iranian Parliament voted to nationalize the Anglo-Persian Oil company. Premier Mohammed Mosaddegh accepted the Iranian nationalization of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
British emissaries in the United States argued that allowing Iran to nationalise the Anglo-Persian Oil Company "would be widely regarded as a victory for the Russians" and would also "cause a loss of one hundred million pounds per annum in the United Kingdom's balance of payments, thus seriously affecting our rearmament program and our cost of living." British warships blockaded Abadan. On 22 August 1951, the British cabinet imposed a series of economic sanctions on Iran. It prohibited exports of key British commodities, including sugar and steel, directed the withdrawal of all British personnel from Iranian oil fields and all but a hard core of about 300 administrators from Abadan and blocked Iran's access to its hard currency accounts in British banks. In the fall of 1951, British workers withdrew from Iran.
Iranians felt confident that they could easily hire non-British technicians to run its national industry and then quickly train their own nationals to replace them. The United States, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, Pakistan, and West Germany refused to make their technicians available to the nationalized Iranian industry. Italy agreed to make their technicians available to the nationalized Iranian industry. In July 1952, the Royal Navy intercepted the Italian tanker Rose Mary and forced it into the British protectorate of Aden on the grounds that the ship's petroleum was stolen property. News that the Royal Navy was intercepting tankers carrying Iranian oil scared off other tankers and effectively shut down oil exports from Iran. In 1952, Mohammed Mossadeq was removed from prower. A popular uprising against his removal occured. The Shah re-appointed him. In August 1953, Imperial Guard Colonel Nematollah Nassiri led a coup. Mossadeq drove the Shah into exile. The Majlis approved Mossadeq as Prime Minister of Iran. On 19 August 1953, retired army general Fazlollah Zahedi, aided by the CIA, with the active support of M16, known as Operation Ajax and Operation Boot to the respective agencies, headed a coup which deposed Mosaddeq. Mosaddeq was arrested and tried for treason. The Shah returned. Mosaddeq was found guilty of treason. Mosaddeq was sentenced to death. His sentence was reduced to house arrest on his family estate. His foreign minister Hossein Fatemi was executed. Fazlollah Zahedi succeeded Mohammed Mosaddeq as Prime Minister of Iran. Zahedi suppressed the National Front of Iran and the Tudeh Party of Iran, which opposed the Shah. Under the Shah, Iran was ruled as an autocracy. The United States supported the Iranian autocracy.
On March 31, 1961, Husain Borujerdi, the prominent Marja of all Shi'a, died. Among those who emerged as a probable successor was Ruhollah Khomeini. This emergence was signaled by the publication of some of Ruhollah Khomeini's writings on fiq, most importantly the basic handbook of religious practice entitled, like others of its genre, Tozih al-Masael. Ruhollah Khomeini was accepted as Marja-e Taqlid by a large number of Iranian Shi'is. In 1961, Khomeini's students, who were teachers of seminary, established Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom. A measure was taken to allow women to vote in Iran and non-Muslims to run for councils. Between October 1962 and November 1962, Khomeini organized opposition to the Shah's Local election bill. Religious pressure forced the Iranian government to back down completely and abandon the Shah's Local council election bill. Khomeini emerged from the fight as "the regime's principal foe" and "undisputed spiritual leader of … bazaari activists."
The Iranian Revolution was a struggle against liberalism and specifically the reign of the Shah, and imperialism.
Other events:
Iranian hostage crisis of 1979-1981
Iran-Iraq War
Lebanon War of 1975-2000
Reports of Iran inching closer to nuclear weapon capability
18 April 1983 bombing of the U.S. embassy in Beirut
23 October 1983 Beirut barracks attacks
Assassination of Ragheb Harb
20 September 1984 bombing of a U.S. embassy annex near Beirut, Lebanon
Kidnapping of Terry Anderson
12 April 1985 bombing in Spain
Siege of TWA Flight 847
Siege of Achille Lauro
Hijacking of an EgyptAir Flight
Terrorism
Brokers of Death arms case
Iran-Contra Affair
Downing of Iran Air Flight 655
Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103
Bombing of French UTA Flight 722
Gulf War
Assassination of Abbas Al-Musawi
17 March 1992 Buenos Aires attack
1994 AMIA attack
Alas Chiricanas Flight 00901 bombing
26 July 1994 London bombings
Argentine arms trafficking scandal
September 11, 2001 attacks
Aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks
War on Terror
2001 anthrax attacks
Operation Enduring Freedom
27 March 2002 Park Hotel bombing
28 March 2002 Elon Moreh attack
Operation Defensive Shield
Operation Iraqi Freedom
2005 Israeli evacuation of Gaza
2006 Palestinian election
Operation Summer Rains
The Lebanon War that erupted in 2006
Death of Ardeshir Hosseinpour
Disappearance of Robert Levinson
Cablegate
Arab Spring
Joint Plan of Action
Rise of ISIS
Fatah-Hamas unity deal
Abductions and murders of Naftali Fraenkel, Gilad Shaer, and Eyal Yifrahn
Establishment of the Islamic State
Death of Mohammed Abu Khedir
2014 Gaza-Israel War
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
The "Twelve-Day War" didn't actually last for 12 days. There was a ceasefire. The second document chronicles events leading up to fighting in February 2026.
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