> The main EMS results indicate that travel time to incident scenes declined by approximately 7–9 seconds, hospital transport time fell by roughly 54–59 seconds, and total travel time decreased by 63 70 seconds, a reduction of approximately 5–6 percent relative to pre-treatment times. These effects are precisely estimated, robust to alternative distance measures and functional forms, and survive a battery of placebo and falsification tests. Dynamic estimates indicate that improvements emerged quickly following implementation and, while partially attenuating over subsequent months as drivers adjusted their behavior, remained negative throughout the observed post-policy window. Spatial analysis further confirms that these gains are concentrated near the policy boundary and do not appear to be driven by congestion displacement to adjacent areas. However, we note that our estimates capture localized effects near the policy boundary and may not fully reflect broader general equilibrium adjustments across the entire city.
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> The main EMS results indicate that travel time to incident scenes declined by approximately 7–9 seconds, hospital transport time fell by roughly 54–59 seconds, and total travel time decreased by 63 70 seconds, a reduction of approximately 5–6 percent relative to pre-treatment times. These effects are precisely estimated, robust to alternative distance measures and functional forms, and survive a battery of placebo and falsification tests. Dynamic estimates indicate that improvements emerged quickly following implementation and, while partially attenuating over subsequent months as drivers adjusted their behavior, remained negative throughout the observed post-policy window. Spatial analysis further confirms that these gains are concentrated near the policy boundary and do not appear to be driven by congestion displacement to adjacent areas. However, we note that our estimates capture localized effects near the policy boundary and may not fully reflect broader general equilibrium adjustments across the entire city.